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==History== | ==History== | ||
===Origin as medieval town=== | ===Origin as medieval town=== | ||
The year [[1158]] is assumed to be the foundation date, which is only the earliest date the city is mentioned in a document. The document was signed in | The year [[1158]] is assumed to be the foundation date, which is only the earliest date the city is mentioned in a document. The document was signed in {{WL2|en:Augsburg|Augsburg}}. By that time the Guelph Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, had built a bridge over the river Isar next to a settlement of Benedictine monks—this was on the Old Salt Route and a toll bridge. | ||
In [[1175]], Munich was officially granted city status and received fortification. In 1180, with the trial of Henry the Lion, Otto I Wittelsbach became Duke of Bavaria and Munich was handed over to the Bishop of [[Freising]]. (Wittelsbach's heirs, the [[Wittelsbacher|Wittelsbach dynasty]], would rule Bavaria until 1918.) In [[1240]], Munich was transferred to Otto II Wittelsbach and in 1255, when the [[Herzogtum Bayern|Duchy of Bavaria]] was split in two parts, Munich became the ducal residence of [[Oberbayern|Upper Bavaria]]. | In [[1175]], Munich was officially granted city status and received fortification. In 1180, with the trial of Henry the Lion, Otto I Wittelsbach became Duke of Bavaria and Munich was handed over to the Bishop of [[Freising]]. (Wittelsbach's heirs, the [[Wittelsbacher|Wittelsbach dynasty]], would rule Bavaria until 1918.) In [[1240]], Munich was transferred to Otto II Wittelsbach and in 1255, when the [[Herzogtum Bayern|Duchy of Bavaria]] was split in two parts, Munich became the ducal residence of [[Oberbayern|Upper Bavaria]]. | ||
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The city was heavily damaged by allied bombing during World War II — the city was hit by 74 [[Luftkrieg|air raids]] over a period of six years. | The city was heavily damaged by allied bombing during World War II — the city was hit by 74 [[Luftkrieg|air raids]] over a period of six years. | ||
* Concentration Camp Memorial [https://www.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de/tour-brochure-2007.html '''Dachau''' Concentration Camp Memorial Site - A Tour] | |||
===Postwar=== | ===Postwar=== | ||
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===Nightlife=== | ===Nightlife=== | ||
Popular nightlife districts are the city center (the so-called Party Banana at the northern side of Sonnenstrasse), Maxvorstadt, Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt, Haidhausen, Berg am Laim (in the "Werksviertel", the currently transforming former "Kultfabrik" club and party area), while once-famous Schwabing has lost much of its nightlife activity due to gentrification in the last decades. The latest addition on Munich's nightlife map is the northern part of Sendling around the Viehhof with several subcultural nightlife activities. Some notable establishments are: | |||
*the | *The most popular techno clubs in Munich are the [http://www.mixedmunicharts.de MMA Club], (also called ''Mixed Munich Arts'', described by the Guardian as "towering techno temple which rivals any in Berlin"), the [http://www.blitz.club/ Blitz club], the longstanding techno clubs [http://harrykleinclub.de/ Harry Klein] and [http://rote-sonne.com/ Rote Sonne], as well as [http://www.bahnwaerterthiel.de/ Bahnwärter Thiel], [http://bobbeamanclub.com/ Bob Beaman], [https://www.pimpernel.de/ Pimpernel], [http://bar.charl.ie/ Charlie], the after hour club [http://www.palaisclub.de/ Palais] and the house club [https://pacha-muenchen.de/en/ Pacha Munich]. | ||
*Popular clubs with a mixed musical program (Electro, House, Indie, Rock, Hip-Hop) include [https://www.drella.de/ Call Me Drella], [http://www.cord-muenchen.de/ Cord], [https://www.wannda.de/ Wannda Circus], [https://www.facebook.com/MinnaThielMuenchen/ Minna Thiel], [http://www.backstage.info/ Backstage] (which is known for alternative and rock music), [http://www.8below.de/ 8 below], [http://www.freiheiz.com/ Freiheizhalle], [http://www.tonhalle-muenchen.de/de/ Tonhalle], [http://www.pathosmuenchen.de/cms/cms.php Pathos], [http://www.muffatwerk.de/de/ Muffatwerk], [https://www.muffatwerk.de/de/pages/ampere Ampere], and the party ship [https://www.facebook.com/Alte-Utting-126669451302121/ Alte Utting]. | |||
* | |||
===Circus === | ===Circus === | ||
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==Transportation== | ==Transportation== | ||
===Munich International Airport=== | ===Munich International Airport=== | ||
[[Flughafen München Franz Josef Strauß|Franz Josef Strauss International Airport]] (IATA: '''[[Flughafen München Franz Josef Strauß|M U C]]''', ICAO: EDDM) is the second-largest airport in Germany and -largest in Europe after London Heathrow, Paris Charle de Gaulle, Frankfurt, Amsterdam, Madrid and | [[Flughafen München Franz Josef Strauß|Franz Josef Strauss International Airport]] (IATA: '''[[Flughafen München Franz Josef Strauß|M U C]]''', ICAO: EDDM) is the second-largest airport in Germany and -largest in Europe after London Heathrow, Paris Charle de Gaulle, Frankfurt, Amsterdam, Madrid and İstanbul. It is used by about 34 million passengers a year, and lies some 30 km north east of the city centre. The airport can be reached by suburban train lines '''S8''' from the east and '''S1''' from the west of the city. From the [[Hauptbahnhof|main railway station]] the journey takes 40–45 minutes. An express train will be added that will cut down travel time to 20–25 minutes with limited stops on dedicated tracks. A magnetic levitation train (called Transrapid) which was to have run at speeds of up to 400 km/h from the central station to the airport in a travel time of 10 minutes had been approved, but was cancelled in March 2008 because of cost escalation and after heavy protests. Lufthansa opened its second hub at the airport when Terminal 2 was opened in 2003. | ||
The airport began operations in 1992, replacing the former main airport, the [[Flughafen Riem|Munich-Riem airport]] (active 1939–1992). | The airport began operations in 1992, replacing the former main airport, the [[Flughafen Riem|Munich-Riem airport]] (active 1939–1992). | ||
== Other airports == | |||
In 2008, the Bavarian state government granted a license to expand ''Oberpfaffenhofen Air Station'' located west of Munich, for commercial use. These plans were opposed by many residents in the Oberpfaffenhofen area as well as other branches of local Government, including the city of Munich, which took the case to court. However, in October 2009, the permit allowing up to 9725 business flights per year to depart from or land at Oberpfaffenhofen was confirmed by a regional judge. | In 2008, the Bavarian state government granted a license to expand ''Oberpfaffenhofen Air Station'' located west of Munich, for commercial use. These plans were opposed by many residents in the Oberpfaffenhofen area as well as other branches of local Government, including the city of Munich, which took the case to court. However, in October 2009, the permit allowing up to 9725 business flights per year to depart from or land at Oberpfaffenhofen was confirmed by a regional judge. | ||
Despite being 110 kilometres from Munich, [[Flughafen Memmingen München West|Memmingen Airport]] has been advertised as ''Airport Munich West''. After 2005, passenger traffic of nearby Augsburg Airport was relocated to Munich Airport, leaving the Augsburg region of Bavaria without an air passenger airport within close reach. | Despite being 110 kilometres from Munich, [[Flughafen Memmingen München West|Memmingen Airport]] has been advertised as ''Airport Munich West''. After 2005, passenger traffic of nearby Augsburg Airport was relocated to Munich Airport, leaving the Augsburg region of Bavaria without an air passenger airport within close reach. | ||
== Public transportation == | |||
For its urban population of 2.6 million people, Munich and its closest suburbs have one of the most comprehensive and punctual systems in the world, incorporating the [[U-Bahn|Munich U-Bahn (underground railway)]], the [[S-Bahn|Munich S-Bahn (suburban trains)]],[[Tram|Tramtrains]] and [[Bus|buses]]. The system is supervised by the [[MVV|Transport and Tarif Association]] (''Münchner Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund GmbH''). The [[Tram|Munich tramway]] is the oldest existing public transportation system in the city, which has been in operation since 1876. Munich also has an extensive network of bus lines. | For its urban population of 2.6 million people, Munich and its closest suburbs have one of the most comprehensive and punctual systems in the world, incorporating the [[U-Bahn|Munich U-Bahn (underground railway)]], the [[S-Bahn|Munich S-Bahn (suburban trains)]],[[Tram|Tramtrains]] and [[Bus|buses]]. The system is supervised by the [[MVV|Transport and Tarif Association]] (''Münchner Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund GmbH''). The [[Tram|Munich tramway]] is the oldest existing public transportation system in the city, which has been in operation since 1876. Munich also has an extensive network of bus lines. | ||
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The trade fair transport logistic is held every two years at the ''Neue Messe München'' (Messe München International). | The trade fair transport logistic is held every two years at the ''Neue Messe München'' (Messe München International). | ||
== Individual transportation == | |||
[[File:Mariensaeule1885a.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Mariensäule (Marienplatz)|Mariensäule]] (Mary's column)]] | [[File:Mariensaeule1885a.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Mariensäule (Marienplatz)|Mariensäule]] (Mary's column)]] | ||
Munich is an integral part of the [[Autobahn|motorway]] network of southern Germany. Motorways from Stuttgart (W), Nuremberg, Frankfurt and Berlin (N), Deggendorf and Passau (E), Salzburg and Innsbruck (SE), Garmisch Partenkirchen (S) and Lindau (SW) terminate at Munich, allowing direct access to the different parts of Germany, Austria and Italy. However, traffic in and around Munich is often heavy. Traffic jams are commonplace during rush hour and at the beginning and end of major holidays in Germany. | Munich is an integral part of the [[Autobahn|motorway]] network of southern Germany. Motorways from Stuttgart (W), Nuremberg, Frankfurt and Berlin (N), Deggendorf and Passau (E), Salzburg and Innsbruck (SE), Garmisch Partenkirchen (S) and Lindau (SW) terminate at Munich, allowing direct access to the different parts of Germany, Austria and Italy. However, traffic in and around Munich is often heavy. Traffic jams are commonplace during rush hour and at the beginning and end of major holidays in Germany. | ||
== Cycling == | |||
Cycling is recognized as a good alternative to motorized transport and the growing number of bicycle lanes are widely used throughout the year. They are mostly not segregated from pedestrian paths, making them dangerous to both parties. They are also often of low quality surfacing, being partly destroyed by the roots of trees planted between them and the road beside it; the road is rarely so affected. The narrow paths which are usually longer than the road due to many detours around objects, coupled with the presence of pedestrians, make the cycle network useful only to very slow riders. | Cycling is recognized as a good alternative to motorized transport and the growing number of bicycle lanes are widely used throughout the year. They are mostly not segregated from pedestrian paths, making them dangerous to both parties. They are also often of low quality surfacing, being partly destroyed by the roots of trees planted between them and the road beside it; the road is rarely so affected. The narrow paths which are usually longer than the road due to many detours around objects, coupled with the presence of pedestrians, make the cycle network useful only to very slow riders. | ||
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*[[Verona]], Italy <small>''(1960)''</small> | *[[Verona]], Italy <small>''(1960)''</small> | ||
*[[Bordeaux]], France <small>''(1964)''</small> | *[[Bordeaux]], France <small>''(1964)''</small> | ||
* | *{{WL2|Sapporo}}, Japan <small>''(1972)''</small> | ||
*[[Cincinnati]], Ohio, United States <small>''(1989)''</small> | *[[Cincinnati]], Ohio, United States <small>''(1989)''</small> | ||
*[[Kiew|Kiev]], Ukraine <small>''(1989)''</small> | *[[Kiew|Kiev]], Ukraine <small>''(1989)''</small> | ||
* | *{{WL2|Harare}}, Zimbabwe <small>''(1996)''</small> | ||
* Munich, München is also the name of other locations, look for: [[München (Begriffsklärung)]] | * Munich, München is also the name of other locations, look for: [[München (Begriffsklärung)]] | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
*[http://www.muenchen.de/Rathaus/tourist_office/57799/index.html Munich Tourist Office] – up-to-date information for visitors | *[http://www.muenchen.de/Rathaus/tourist_office/57799/index.html Munich Tourist Office] – up-to-date information for visitors | ||
* [https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/destinations/europe/germany/Munich/ ''national geographic'' STORIES - all about Munich] (Laurel Robbins) | |||
** [https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/destinations/europe/germany/Munich/top-activities-things-to-do/ Discover the Best of Munich — Ten must-do activities in Munich] ''(national geographic)'' | |||
*[http://www.mvv-muenchen.de/en/index.html Münchner Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund] – public transport network | *[http://www.mvv-muenchen.de/en/index.html Münchner Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund] – public transport network | ||
*[http://www.historicaleye.com/Munich1.html On the brink: Munich 1918–1919] | *[http://www.historicaleye.com/Munich1.html On the brink: Munich 1918–1919] | ||
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*[http://www.flickr.com/groups/talesfromtoytown/pool Tales from Toytown] – Photos of Munich | *[http://www.flickr.com/groups/talesfromtoytown/pool Tales from Toytown] – Photos of Munich | ||
*[http://www.itravelnet.com/photography/europe/germany/munichphotogallery.html Munich photo gallery] | *[http://www.itravelnet.com/photography/europe/germany/munichphotogallery.html Munich photo gallery] | ||
; Book: very simple, easy to read | |||
* [[Rüdiger_Liedtke]] - ''111 Places in Munich That You Shouldn’t Miss'' [https://www.emons-verlag.com/programm/111-places-in-munich-that-you-shouldnt-miss (edition)] | |||
== Source (am-en-fr) == | == Source (am-en-fr) == | ||
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(in ihrer englischsprachigen Ausgabe mit dem Textbestand vom Mai 2013) | (in ihrer englischsprachigen Ausgabe mit dem Textbestand vom Mai 2013) | ||
== Munich - französisch ausgesprochen== | |||
*Siehe bei WP: [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich '''fr.wikipedia.'''.. Munich] | |||
===… and === | ===… and === | ||
*[http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich Munich in der Wikipedia auf vereinfachtem Englisch] (Simple English) | *[http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich Munich in der Wikipedia auf vereinfachtem Englisch] (Simple English) | ||
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*[[Munich Fast Facts]] | *[[Munich Fast Facts]] | ||
[[Kategorie: | [[Kategorie:Stadt München|* | ||
[[Kategorie:Geschichte]] | [[Kategorie:Geschichte]] | ||
[[Kategorie: | [[Kategorie:Geographie]] | ||
[[Kategorie:Englisch| ]] | [[Kategorie:Englisch| ]] | ||