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==History==
==History==
===Origin as medieval town===
===Origin as medieval town===
The year [[1158]] is assumed to be the foundation date, which is only the earliest date the city is mentioned in a document. The document was signed in [[Augsburg]]. By that time the Guelph Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, had built a bridge over the river Isar next to a settlement of Benedictine monks—this was on the Old Salt Route and a toll bridge.
The year [[1158]] is assumed to be the foundation date, which is only the earliest date the city is mentioned in a document. The document was signed in {{WL2|en:Augsburg|Augsburg}}. By that time the Guelph Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, had built a bridge over the river Isar next to a settlement of Benedictine monks—this was on the Old Salt Route and a toll bridge.


In [[1175]], Munich was officially granted city status and received fortification. In 1180, with the trial of Henry the Lion, Otto I Wittelsbach became Duke of Bavaria and Munich was handed over to the Bishop of [[Freising]]. (Wittelsbach's heirs, the [[Wittelsbacher|Wittelsbach dynasty]], would rule Bavaria until 1918.) In [[1240]], Munich was transferred to Otto II Wittelsbach and in 1255, when the [[Herzogtum Bayern|Duchy of Bavaria]] was split in two parts, Munich became the ducal residence of [[Oberbayern|Upper Bavaria]].
In [[1175]], Munich was officially granted city status and received fortification. In 1180, with the trial of Henry the Lion, Otto I Wittelsbach became Duke of Bavaria and Munich was handed over to the Bishop of [[Freising]]. (Wittelsbach's heirs, the [[Wittelsbacher|Wittelsbach dynasty]], would rule Bavaria until 1918.) In [[1240]], Munich was transferred to Otto II Wittelsbach and in 1255, when the [[Herzogtum Bayern|Duchy of Bavaria]] was split in two parts, Munich became the ducal residence of [[Oberbayern|Upper Bavaria]].
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===World War I to World War II===
===World War I to World War II===
Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914, life in Munich became very difficult, as the Allied blockade of Germany led to food and fuel shortages. During French air raids in [[1916]], three bombs fell on Munich.
Following the outbreak of World War I in [[1914]], life in Munich became very difficult, as the Allied blockade of Germany led to food and fuel shortages. During French air raids in [[1916]], three bombs fell on Munich.


After World War I, the city was at the centre of much political unrest. In November 1918 on the eve of revolution, [[Ludwig III.|Ludwig III]] and his family fled the city. After the murder of the first republican [[Ministerpräsident|premier of Bavaria]] [[Kurt Eisner]] in February 1919 by Anton Graf von Arco auf Valley, the [[Räterepublik|Bavarian Soviet Republic]] was proclaimed. When Communists had taken power, Lenin, who had lived in Munich some years before, sent a congratulatory telegram, but the Soviet Republic was put down on 3 May [[1919]] by the Freikorps. While the republican government had been restored, Munich subsequently became a hotbed of extremist politics, among which [[Adolf Hitler]] and the [[Nationalsozialismus|National Socialism]] rose to prominence.
After World War I, the city was at the centre of much political unrest. In November 1918 on the eve of revolution, [[Ludwig III.|Ludwig III]] and his family fled the city. After the murder of the first republican [[Ministerpräsident|premier of Bavaria]] [[Kurt Eisner]] in February 1919 by Anton Graf von Arco auf Valley, the [[Räterepublik|Bavarian Soviet Republic]] was proclaimed. When Communists had taken power, [[Lenin]], who had lived in Munich some years before, sent a congratulatory telegram, but the Soviet Republic was put down on 3 May [[1919]] by the Freikorps. While the republican government had been restored, Munich subsequently became a hotbed of extremist politics, among which Adolf Hitler and the [[Nationalsozialismus|National Socialism]] rose to prominence.


In 1923 Hitler and his supporters, who were then concentrated in Munich, staged the [[Ludendorff-Hitler-Putsch|Beer Hall Putsch]], an attempt to overthrow the Weimar Republic and seize power. The revolt failed, resulting in Hitler's arrest and the temporary crippling of the Nazi Party, which was virtually unknown outside Munich.
In 1923 monarchists and nationalists, who were then concentrated in Munich, staged the [[Ludendorff-Hitler-Putsch|Beer Hall Putsch]] (Gen. Ludendorff, Hitler a. o.), an attempt to overthrow the [[Weimarer Republik|Weimar Republic]] and seize power. The revolt failed at the [[Feldherrenhalle]], resulting in Hitler's arrest and the temporary crippling of the Nazi Party, which was virtually unknown outside Munich.


The city once again became a Nazi stronghold when the National Socialists took power in Germany in 1933. The National Socialist Workers Party created the first [[ Konzentrationslager Dachau|concentration camp]] at [[Dachau]], 10 miles (16 km) north-west of the city. Because of its importance to the rise of National Socialism, Munich was referred to as the ''Hauptstadt der Bewegung'' ("Capital of the Movement"). The NSDAP headquarters was in Munich and many ''Führerbauten'' ("''Führer''-buildings") were built around the [[Königsplatz]], [[NSDAP-Gebäude in München und ihre Reste|some of which have survived ]]to this day.
The city once again became a Nazi stronghold when the Nazis took power in Germany in [[1933]]. The National Socialist Workers Party created the first [[ Konzentrationslager Dachau|concentration camp]] at [[Dachau]], 10 miles (16 km) north-west of the city. Because of its importance to the rise of National Socialism, Munich was referred to as the ''Hauptstadt der Bewegung'' ("Capital of the Movement"). The NSDAP headquarters was in Munich and many ''Führerbauten'' ("leader-buildings") were built around the [[Königsplatz]], [[NSDAP-Gebäude in München und ihre Reste|some of which have survived ]]to this day.


The city is known as the site of the culmination of the policy of appeasement employed by Britain and France leading up to World War II. It was in Munich that British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain assented to the annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland region into Greater Germany in the hopes of sating the desires of Hitler's Third Reich.
The city is known as the site of the culmination of the policy of appeasement employed by Britain and France leading up to World War II. It was in Munich that British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain assented to the annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland region into Greater Germany in the hopes of sating the desires of Hitler's Third Reich.


Munich was the base of the [[Weiße Rose|White Rose]], a student [[ Widerstand, Verweigerung und Protest gegen das NS-Regime in München|resistance movement]] from June 1942 to February [[1943]]. The core members were arrested and executed following a distribution of leaflets in Munich University by Hans and [[Sophie Scholl]].
Munich was also the base of some resistance like the [[Weiße Rose|White Rose]], a student [[Widerstand, Verweigerung und Protest gegen das NS-Regime in München|resistance movement]] from June 1942 to February [[1943]]. The core members were arrested and executed following a distribution of leaflets in [[Universität München|Munich University]] by Hans and [[Sophie Scholl]].


The city was heavily damaged by allied bombing during World War II—the city was hit by 71 air raids over a period of six years.
The city was heavily damaged by allied bombing during World War II — the city was hit by 74 [[Luftkrieg|air raids]] over a period of six years.
 
* Concentration Camp Memorial [https://www.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de/tour-brochure-2007.html '''Dachau''' Concentration Camp Memorial Site - A Tour]


===Postwar===
===Postwar===
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==Politics==
==Politics==
Munich's current mayor is [[Dieter Reiter]] of the [[SPD|Social Democratic Party of Germany]]. Munich has been governed by the [[SPD]] for all but six years since 1948.  This  is remarkable because Bavaria—and particularly southern Bavaria—has long been a conservative stronghold, with the [[CSU|Christian Social Union]] winning absolute majorities among the Bavarian electorate in many elections at the communal, state, and federal levels. Bavaria's second city, Nuremberg, is also one of the very few Bavarian cities governed by a SPD-led coalition.
Munich's current mayor is [[Dieter Reiter]] of the [[SPD|Social Democratic Party of Germany]]. Munich had mayors of the [[SPD]] for all but six years since 1948.  This  is remarkable because Bavaria—and particularly southern Bavaria—has long been a conservative stronghold, with the [[CSU|Christian Social Union]] winning overall majorities among the Bavarian electorate in many elections at the communal, state, and federal levels. Bavaria's second city, Nuremberg, is also one of the few Bavarian cities governed by a SPD-led coalition.


Munich is currently governed by a coalition of the SPD, the [[Grünen|Greens]] and the Rosa Liste (Pink List, a gay rights party).
Munich is currently governed by a coalition of the CSU and the SPD, after a longtime coalition between SPD, the [[Grünen|Greens]] and several smaller groups.


As the capital of the Free State of Bavaria, Munich is an important political centre in Germany and the seat of the [[Landtag|Bavarian State Parliament]], the [[Staatskanzlei]] (the State Chancellery) and of all state departments.
As the capital of the Free State of Bavaria, Munich is an important political centre in Germany and the seat of the [[Landtag|Bavarian State Parliament]], the [[Staatskanzlei]] (the State Chancellery) and of all state departments.
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==Subdivisions==
==Subdivisions==
[[File:Stadtbezirke Lage in München.png|thumb|left|200px|Munich's Boroughs]]
[[Bild:Stadtbezirke Lage in München.png|thumb|Munich's Boroughs]]
Since the administrative reform in 1992, Munich is divided into 25 boroughs, the ''[[Stadtbezirke]]''.(german art.)
Since the administrative reform in 1992, Munich is divided into 25 boroughs, the ''[[Stadtbezirke]]''.


[[Allach-Untermenzing]] (23), [[Altstadt-Lehel]] (1), [[Aubing-Lochhausen-Langwied]] (22), [[Au-Haidhausen]] (5), [[Berg am Laim]] (14), [[Bogenhausen]] (13), Feldmoching-Hasenbergl (24), [[Hadern]] (20), [[Laim]] (25), [[Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt]] (2), [[Maxvorstadt]] (3), [[Milbertshofen-Am Hart]] (11), [[Moosach]] (10), [[Neuhausen-Nymphenburg]] (9), [[Obergiesing]] (17), [[Pasing]]-[[Obermenzing]] (21), Ramersdorf-[[Perlach]] (16), [[Schwabing|Schwabing-Freimann]] (12), [[Schwabing|Schwabing-West]] (4), Schwanthalerhöhe (8), [[Sendling]] (6), Sendling-Westpark (7), [[Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fürstenried-Solln]] (19), [[Trudering]]-Riem (15) and [[Untergiesing-Harlaching]] (18).
[[Allach-Untermenzing]] (23), [[Altstadt-Lehel]] (1), [[Aubing-Lochhausen-Langwied]] (22), [[Au-Haidhausen]] (5), [[Berg am Laim]] (14), [[Bogenhausen]] (13), [[Feldmoching-Hasenbergl]] (24), [[Hadern]] (20), [[Laim]] (25), [[Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt]] (2), [[Maxvorstadt]] (3), [[Milbertshofen-Am Hart]] (11), [[Moosach]] (10), [[Neuhausen-Nymphenburg]] (9), [[Obergiesing]] (17), [[Pasing]]-[[Obermenzing]] (21), [[Ramersdorf-Perlach]] (16), [[Schwabing-Freimann]] (12), [[Schwabing-West]] (4), [[Schwanthalerhöhe]] (8), [[Sendling]] (6), [[Sendling-Westpark]] (7), [[Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fürstenried-Solln]] (19), [[Trudering-Riem]] (15) and [[Untergiesing-Harlaching]] (18).


==Architecture==
==Architecture==
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===The inner city===
===The inner city===
At the centre of the city is the ''[[Marienplatz]]'' — a large open square named after the Mariensäule, a [[Mariensäule|Marian column]] in its centre—with the [[Altes Rathaus|Old]] and the [[Neues Rathaus|New Town Hall]]. Its tower contains the ''Rathaus-[[Glockenspiel]]''. Three gates of the demolished medieval fortification have survived to this day—the ''[[Isartor]]'' in the east, the ''[[Sendlinger Tor]]'' in the south and the ''[[Karlstor]]'' in the west of the inner city. The Karlstor leads up to the ''[[Stachus]]'', a grand square dominated by the ''[[Justizpalast]] (Palace of Justice)'' and a fountain.
At the centre of the city is the ''[[Marienplatz]]'' — a large open square named after the Mariensäule, a [[Mariensäule (Marienplatz)|Marian column]] in its centre—with the [[Altes Rathaus|Old]] and the [[Neues Rathaus|New Town Hall]]. Its tower contains the ''Rathaus-[[Glockenspiel]]''. Three gates of the demolished medieval fortification have survived to this day—the ''[[Isartor]]'' in the east, the ''[[Sendlinger Tor]]'' in the south and the ''[[Karlstor]]'' in the west of the inner city. The Karlstor leads up to the ''[[Stachus]]'', a grand square dominated by the ''[[Justizpalast]] (Palace of Justice)'' and a fountain.
[[File: Nationalmuwstud2010a.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bayerisches Nationalmuseum|Bavarian National Museum]]]]
[[File: Nationalmuwstud2010a.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bayerisches Nationalmuseum|Bavarian National Museum]]]]
The ''[[Alter Peter|Peterskirche]]'' close to Marienplatz is the oldest church of the inner city. It was first built during the Romanesque period, and was the focus of the early monastic settlement in Munich before the city's official foundation in 1158. Nearby St. Peter the Gothic hall-church ''[[Heiliggeistkirche]]'' (The Church of the Holy Spirit) was converted to baroque style from 1724 onwards and looks down upon the [[Viktualienmarkt]], the most popular market of Munich.
The ''[[Alter Peter|Peterskirche]]'' close to Marienplatz is the oldest church of the inner city. It was first built during the Romanesque period, and was the focus of the early monastic settlement in Munich before the city's official foundation in 1158. Nearby St. Peter the Gothic hall-church ''[[Heiliggeistkirche]]'' (The Church of the Holy Spirit) was converted to baroque style from 1724 onwards and looks down upon the [[Viktualienmarkt]], the most popular market of Munich.
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The ''[[Deutsches Museum]]'' or German Museum, located on an island in the River Isar, is the largest and one of the oldest science museums in the world. Three redundant exhibition buildings which are under a protection order were converted to house the ''Verkehrsmuseum'', which houses the land transport collections of the Deutsches Museum. Deutsches Museum's ''[[Flugwerft Oberschleißheim|Flugwerft Schleissheim]]'' flight exhibition centre is located nearby, on the Schleissheim Special Landing Field.
The ''[[Deutsches Museum]]'' or German Museum, located on an island in the River Isar, is the largest and one of the oldest science museums in the world. Three redundant exhibition buildings which are under a protection order were converted to house the ''Verkehrsmuseum'', which houses the land transport collections of the Deutsches Museum. Deutsches Museum's ''[[Flugwerft Oberschleißheim|Flugwerft Schleissheim]]'' flight exhibition centre is located nearby, on the Schleissheim Special Landing Field.


Several non-centralised museums (many of those are public collections at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität) show the expanded state collections of [[Paläontologisches Museum München|palaeontology]], geology, mineralogy, [[Zoologische Staatssammlung München|zoology]], botany and anthropology.
Several non-centralised museums (many of those are public collections at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität) show the expanded state collections of [[Paläontologisches Museum München|palaeontology]], [[Geologische Museum|geology]], mineralogy, [[Zoologische Staatssammlung München|zoology]], [[Botanische Staatssammlung|botany]] and [[Anthropologische Staatssammlung|anthropology]].
[[File:Glyptothek.jpg|thumb|The [[Glyptothek]]]]
[[File:Glyptothek.jpg|thumb|The [[Glyptothek]]]]
The city has several important art galleries, most of which can be found in the ''[[Kunstareal]]'', including the ''[[Alte Pinakothek]]'', the ''[[Neue Pinakothek]]'', the ''[[Pinakothek der Moderne]]'' and the ''[[Museum Brandhorst]]''. Alte Pinakothek's monolithic structure contains a treasure trove of the works of European masters between the 14th and 18th centuries. The collection reflects the eclectic tastes of the Wittelsbachs over four centuries, and is sorted by schools over two sprawling floors. Major displays include [[Albrecht Dürer]]'s Christ-like Self-Portrait, his Four Apostles, Raphael's paintings'' The Canigiani Holy Family'' and'' Madonna Tempi'' as well as Peter Paul Rubens two-storey-high ''Judgment Day''. The gallery houses one of the world's most comprehensive Rubens collections. Before World War I, the [[Der Blaue Reiter|Blaue Reiter]] group of artists worked in Munich. Many of their works can now be seen at the ''[[Lenbachhaus]]''.
The city has several important art galleries, most of which can be found in the ''[[Kunstareal]]'', including the ''[[Alte Pinakothek]]'', the ''[[Neue Pinakothek]]'', the ''[[Pinakothek der Moderne]]'' and the ''[[Museum Brandhorst]]''. Alte Pinakothek's monolithic structure contains a treasure trove of the works of European masters between the 14th and 18th centuries. The collection reflects the eclectic tastes of the Wittelsbachs over four centuries, and is sorted by schools over two sprawling floors. Major displays include [[Albrecht Dürer]]'s Christ-like Self-Portrait, his Four Apostles, Raphael's paintings'' The Canigiani Holy Family'' and'' Madonna Tempi'' as well as Peter Paul Rubens two-storey-high ''Judgment Day''. The gallery houses one of the world's most comprehensive Rubens collections. Before World War I, the [[Der Blaue Reiter|Blaue Reiter]] group of artists worked in Munich. Many of their works can now be seen at the ''[[Lenbachhaus]]''.
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===Local beers===
===Local beers===
Munich is famous for its breweries and the ''Weissbier'' (or ''Weizenbier'', wheat beer) is a speciality from Bavaria. ''Helles'' with its translucent gold colour is the most popular Munich beer today, although it’s not old (only introduced in 1895). Helles and [[Pilsener|Pils]] have almost ousted the ''Munich Dark Beer'' (''Dunkles''), which gets its dark colour from burnt malt, the most popular beer in Munich within the 19th century. ''Starkbier'' is the strongest Munich beer, containing 6–9 percent alcohol. It is dark amber and has a heavy malty taste. It is available and popular during the Lenten ''Starkbierzeit'' (strong beer season), which begins on or before St. Joseph’s Day (19 March). There are around 20 major [[Biergärten|beer gardens]], with four of the most famous and popular being located in the [[Englischer Garten]] and the largest one in the [[Hirschgarten]].
Munich is famous for its breweries and the ''Weissbier'' (or ''Weizenbier'', wheat beer) is a speciality from Bavaria. ''Helles'' with its translucent gold colour is the most popular Munich [[Bier|beer]] today, although it’s not old (only introduced in 1895). Helles and Pils have almost ousted the ''Munich Dark Beer'' (''Dunkles''), which gets its dark colour from burnt malt, the most popular beer in Munich within the 19th century. ''Starkbier'' is the strongest Munich beer, containing 6–9 percent alcohol. It is dark amber and has a heavy malty taste. It is available and popular during the Lenten ''Starkbierzeit'' (strong beer season), which begins on or before St. Joseph’s Day (19 March). There are around 20 major [[Biergärten|beer gardens]], with four of the most famous and popular being located in the [[Englischer Garten]] and the largest one in the [[Hirschgarten]].
*[[Augustiner|Augustiner Bräu]]
*[[Augustiner|Augustiner Bräu]]
*[[Paulaner]]
*[[Paulaner]]
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===Markets===
===Markets===
[[Bild:Christkindlmarkt marienplatz 131.jpg|thumb|200px]] 
The ''[[Viktualienmarkt]]'' is Munich's most popular market for fresh food and delicatessen. A very old feature of Munich's Fasching (carnival) is the dance of the Marktfrauen (market women) of the Viktualienmarkt in comical costumes.
The ''[[Viktualienmarkt]]'' is Munich's most popular market for fresh food and delicatessen. A very old feature of Munich's Fasching (carnival) is the dance of the Marktfrauen (market women) of the Viktualienmarkt in comical costumes.


[[Bild:Christkindlmarkt marienplatz 131.jpg|thumb]] 
 
The ''[[Auer Dult]]'' is held three times a year on the square around Mariahilf church and is one of Munich's oldest markets, well known for its hardware, trinkets and antiques.
The ''[[Auer Dult]]'' is held three times a year on the square around Mariahilf church and is one of Munich's oldest markets, well known for its hardware, trinkets and antiques.


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===Nightlife===
===Nightlife===
Nightlife in Munich is thriving with over 6,000 licensed establishments in the city, especially in [[Schwabing]], which is still the main quarter for students and artists. Some notable establishments are:
Popular nightlife districts are the city center (the so-called Party Banana at the northern side of Sonnenstrasse), Maxvorstadt, Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt, Haidhausen, Berg am Laim (in the "Werksviertel", the currently transforming former "Kultfabrik" club and party area), while once-famous Schwabing has lost much of its nightlife activity due to gentrification in the last decades. The latest addition on Munich's nightlife map is the northern part of Sendling around the Viehhof with several subcultural nightlife activities. Some notable establishments are:
*the touristy ''Hofbräuhaus'', one of the oldest breweries in Munich, located in the city centre near Tal
*The most popular techno clubs in Munich are the [http://www.mixedmunicharts.de MMA Club], (also called ''Mixed Munich Arts'', described by the Guardian as "towering techno temple which rivals any in Berlin"), the [http://www.blitz.club/ Blitz club], the longstanding techno clubs [http://harrykleinclub.de/ Harry Klein] and [http://rote-sonne.com/ Rote Sonne], as well as [http://www.bahnwaerterthiel.de/ Bahnwärter Thiel], [http://bobbeamanclub.com/ Bob Beaman], [https://www.pimpernel.de/ Pimpernel], [http://bar.charl.ie/ Charlie], the after hour club [http://www.palaisclub.de/ Palais] and the house club [https://pacha-muenchen.de/en/ Pacha Munich].
*[[Kultfabrik]] (formerly known as Kunstpark Ost) and [[Optimolwerke]], former industrial compounds converted to host many different discos and pubs
*Popular clubs with a mixed musical program (Electro, House, Indie, Rock, Hip-Hop) include [https://www.drella.de/ Call Me Drella], [http://www.cord-muenchen.de/ Cord], [https://www.wannda.de/ Wannda Circus], [https://www.facebook.com/MinnaThielMuenchen/ Minna Thiel], [http://www.backstage.info/ Backstage] (which is known for alternative and rock music), [http://www.8below.de/ 8 below], [http://www.freiheiz.com/ Freiheizhalle], [http://www.tonhalle-muenchen.de/de/ Tonhalle], [http://www.pathosmuenchen.de/cms/cms.php Pathos], [http://www.muffatwerk.de/de/ Muffatwerk], [https://www.muffatwerk.de/de/pages/ampere Ampere], and the party ship [https://www.facebook.com/Alte-Utting-126669451302121/ Alte Utting].
*Munich's gay quarter is located in the borough [[Isarvorstadt]], surrounding the Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz, and is also known as the [[Glockenbachviertel]]


===Circus ===
===Circus ===
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*[[Botanische Staatssammlung]] München, a notable herbarium
*[[Botanische Staatssammlung]] München, a notable herbarium
*[[Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft|Fraunhofer Institute]]
*[[Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft|Fraunhofer Institute]]
*European Southern Observatory
* [[Europäische Südsternwarte|European Southern Observatory]], [[Garching]]
*Helmholtz Zentrum München
* [[Helmholtz Zentrum München]]
*Doerner Institute
*Doerner Institute
*CESifo, theoretical and applied research in economics and finance
*CESifo, theoretical and applied research in economics and finance
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==Transportation==
==Transportation==
===Munich International Airport===
===Munich International Airport===
[[Flughafen München Franz Josef Strauß|Franz Josef Strauss International Airport]] (IATA: '''[[Flughafen München Franz Josef Strauß|M U C]]''', ICAO: EDDM) is the second-largest airport in Germany and -largest in Europe after London Heathrow, Paris Charle de Gaulle, Frankfurt, Amsterdam, Madrid and Istanbul Atatürk. It is used by about 34 million passengers a year, and lies some 30 km north east of the city centre. The airport can be reached by suburban train lines '''S8''' from the east and '''S1''' from the west of the city. From the [[Hauptbahnhof|main railway station]] the journey takes 40–45 minutes. An express train will be added that will cut down travel time to 20–25 minutes with limited stops on dedicated tracks. A magnetic levitation train (called Transrapid) which was to have run at speeds of up to 400 km/h from the central station to the airport in a travel time of 10 minutes had been approved, but was cancelled in March 2008 because of cost escalation and after heavy protests. [[Lufthansa]] opened its second hub at the airport when Terminal 2 was opened in 2003.
[[Flughafen München Franz Josef Strauß|Franz Josef Strauss International Airport]] (IATA: '''[[Flughafen München Franz Josef Strauß|M U C]]''', ICAO: EDDM) is the second-largest airport in Germany and -largest in Europe after London Heathrow, Paris Charle de Gaulle, Frankfurt, Amsterdam, Madrid and İstanbul. It is used by about 34 million passengers a year, and lies some 30 km north east of the city centre. The airport can be reached by suburban train lines '''S8''' from the east and '''S1''' from the west of the city. From the [[Hauptbahnhof|main railway station]] the journey takes 40–45 minutes. An express train will be added that will cut down travel time to 20–25 minutes with limited stops on dedicated tracks. A magnetic levitation train (called Transrapid) which was to have run at speeds of up to 400 km/h from the central station to the airport in a travel time of 10 minutes had been approved, but was cancelled in March 2008 because of cost escalation and after heavy protests. Lufthansa opened its second hub at the airport when Terminal 2 was opened in 2003.


The airport began operations in 1992, replacing the former main airport, the [[Flughafen Riem|Munich-Riem airport]] (active 1939–1992).
The airport began operations in 1992, replacing the former main airport, the [[Flughafen Riem|Munich-Riem airport]] (active 1939–1992).


===Other airports===
== Other airports ==
In 2008, the Bavarian state government granted a license to expand ''Oberpfaffenhofen Air Station''  located west of Munich, for commercial use. These plans were opposed by many residents in the Oberpfaffenhofen area as well as other branches of local Government, including the city of Munich, which took the case to court. However, in October 2009, the permit allowing up to 9725 business flights per year to depart from or land at Oberpfaffenhofen was confirmed by a regional judge.
In 2008, the Bavarian state government granted a license to expand ''Oberpfaffenhofen Air Station''  located west of Munich, for commercial use. These plans were opposed by many residents in the Oberpfaffenhofen area as well as other branches of local Government, including the city of Munich, which took the case to court. However, in October 2009, the permit allowing up to 9725 business flights per year to depart from or land at Oberpfaffenhofen was confirmed by a regional judge.
===Other airports===
In 2008, the Bavarian state government granted a license to expand ''Oberpfaffenhofen Air Station''  located west of Munich, for commercial use. These plans were opposed by many residents in the Oberpfaffenhofen area as well as other branches of local Government, including the city of Munich, which took the case to court. However, in October 2009, the permit allowing up to 9725 business flights per year to depart from or land at Oberpfaffenhofen was confirmed by a regional judge


Despite being 110 kilometres from Munich, [[Flughafen Memmingen München West|Memmingen Airport]] has been advertised as ''Airport Munich West''. After 2005, passenger traffic of nearby Augsburg Airport was relocated to Munich Airport, leaving the Augsburg region of Bavaria without an air passenger airport within close reach.
Despite being 110 kilometres from Munich, [[Flughafen Memmingen München West|Memmingen Airport]] has been advertised as ''Airport Munich West''. After 2005, passenger traffic of nearby Augsburg Airport was relocated to Munich Airport, leaving the Augsburg region of Bavaria without an air passenger airport within close reach.


===Public transportation===
== Public transportation ==
For its urban population of 2.6 million people, Munich and its closest suburbs have one of the most comprehensive and punctual systems in the world, incorporating the [[U-Bahn|Munich U-Bahn (underground railway)]], the [[S-Bahn|Munich S-Bahn (suburban trains)]], trams and buses. The system is supervised by the [[MVV|Transport and Tarif Association]] (''Münchner Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund GmbH''). The [[Tram|Munich tramway]] is the oldest existing public transportation system in the city, which has been in operation since 1876. Munich also has an extensive network of bus lines.
For its urban population of 2.6 million people, Munich and its closest suburbs have one of the most comprehensive and punctual systems in the world, incorporating the [[U-Bahn|Munich U-Bahn (underground railway)]], the [[S-Bahn|Munich S-Bahn (suburban trains)]],[[Tram|Tramtrains]] and [[Bus|buses]]. The system is supervised by the [[MVV|Transport and Tarif Association]] (''Münchner Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund GmbH''). The [[Tram|Munich tramway]] is the oldest existing public transportation system in the city, which has been in operation since 1876. Munich also has an extensive network of bus lines.


The extensive network of subway and tram lines assist and complement pedestrian movement in the city centre. The 700m-long Kaufinger Strasse, which starts near the Main train station, forms a pedestrian east-west spine that traverses almost the entire centre. Similarly, Weinstrasse leads off northwards to the Hofgarten. These major spines and many smaller streets cover an extensive area of the centre that can be enjoyed on foot and bike. The transformation of the historic area into a pedestrian priority zone enables and invites walking and biking by making these active modes of transport comfortable, safe and enjoyable. These attributes result from applying the principle of "filtered permability" which selectively restricts the number of roads that run through the centre. While certain streets are discontinuous for cars, they connect to a network of pedestrian and bike paths which permeate the entire centre. In addition, these paths go through public squares and open spaces increasing the enjoyment of the trip(see image). The logic of filtering a mode of transport is fully expressed in a comprehensive model for laying out neighbourhoods and districts—the Fused Grid.
The extensive network of subway and tram lines assist and complement pedestrian movement in the city centre. The 700m-long Kaufinger Strasse, which starts near the Main train station, forms a pedestrian east-west spine that traverses almost the entire centre. Similarly, Weinstrasse leads off northwards to the Hofgarten. These major spines and many smaller streets cover an extensive area of the centre that can be enjoyed on foot and bike. The transformation of the historic area into a pedestrian priority zone enables and invites walking and biking by making these active modes of transport comfortable, safe and enjoyable. These attributes result from applying the principle of "filtered permability" which selectively restricts the number of roads that run through the centre. While certain streets are discontinuous for cars, they connect to a network of pedestrian and bike paths which permeate the entire centre. In addition, these paths go through public squares and open spaces increasing the enjoyment of the trip(see image). The logic of filtering a mode of transport is fully expressed in a comprehensive model for laying out neighbourhoods and districts—the Fused Grid.
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The main railway station is [[Hauptbahnhof|Munich Hauptbahnhof]], in the city centre, and there are two smaller main line stations at [[Pasing]], in the west of the city, and [[Ostbahnhof|Munich Ostbahnhof]] in the east. All three are connected to the public transport system and serve as transportation hubs.
The main railway station is [[Hauptbahnhof|Munich Hauptbahnhof]], in the city centre, and there are two smaller main line stations at [[Pasing]], in the west of the city, and [[Ostbahnhof|Munich Ostbahnhof]] in the east. All three are connected to the public transport system and serve as transportation hubs.


ICE highspeed trains stop at Munich-Pasing and Munich-Hauptbahnhof only. InterCity and EuroCity trains to destinations east of Munich also stop at Munich East. Since 28 May 2006 Munich has been connected to Nuremberg via [[Ingolstadt]] by the 300 km/h (186 mph) Nuremberg–Munich high-speed railway line.
ICE highspeed trains stop at Munich-Pasing and Munich-Hauptbahnhof only. InterCity (IC) and EuroCity (EC or RJ) trains to destinations east of Munich also stop at Munich East. Since 28 May 2006 Munich has been connected to Nuremberg via [[Ingolstadt]] by the 300 km/h (186 mph) Nuremberg–Munich high-speed railway line.


The trade fair transport logistic is held every two years at the ''Neue Messe München'' (Messe München International).
The trade fair transport logistic is held every two years at the ''Neue Messe München'' (Messe München International).


===Individual transportation===
== Individual transportation ==
[[File:Mariensaeule1885a.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Mariensäule]] (Mary's column)]]
[[File:Mariensaeule1885a.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Mariensäule (Marienplatz)|Mariensäule]] (Mary's column)]]
 
Munich is an integral part of the [[Autobahn|motorway]] network of southern Germany. Motorways from Stuttgart (W), Nuremberg, Frankfurt and Berlin (N), Deggendorf and Passau (E), Salzburg and Innsbruck (SE), Garmisch Partenkirchen (S) and Lindau (SW) terminate at Munich, allowing direct access to the different parts of Germany, Austria and Italy. However, traffic in and around Munich is often heavy. Traffic jams are commonplace during rush hour and at the beginning and end of major holidays in Germany.
Munich is an integral part of the [[Autobahn|motorway]] network of southern Germany. Motorways from Stuttgart (W), Nuremberg, Frankfurt and Berlin (N), Deggendorf and Passau (E), Salzburg and Innsbruck (SE), Garmisch Partenkirchen (S) and Lindau (SW) terminate at Munich, allowing direct access to the different parts of Germany, Austria and Italy. However, traffic in and around Munich is often heavy. Traffic jams are commonplace during rush hour and at the beginning and end of major holidays in Germany.


===Cycling===
== Cycling ==
Cycling is recognized as a good alternative to motorized transport and the growing number of bicycle lanes are widely used throughout the year. They are mostly not segregated from pedestrian paths, making them dangerous to both parties. They are also often of low quality surfacing, being partly destroyed by the roots of trees planted between them and the road beside it; the road is rarely so affected. The narrow paths which are usually longer than the road due to many detours around objects, coupled with the presence of pedestrians, make the cycle network useful only to very slow riders.  
Cycling is recognized as a good alternative to motorized transport and the growing number of bicycle lanes are widely used throughout the year. They are mostly not segregated from pedestrian paths, making them dangerous to both parties. They are also often of low quality surfacing, being partly destroyed by the roots of trees planted between them and the road beside it; the road is rarely so affected. The narrow paths which are usually longer than the road due to many detours around objects, coupled with the presence of pedestrians, make the cycle network useful only to very slow riders.  


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*[[Verona]], Italy <small>''(1960)''</small>  
*[[Verona]], Italy <small>''(1960)''</small>  
*[[Bordeaux]], France <small>''(1964)''</small>
*[[Bordeaux]], France <small>''(1964)''</small>
*[[Sapporo]], Japan <small>''(1972)''</small>
*{{WL2|Sapporo}}, Japan <small>''(1972)''</small>
*[[Cincinnati]], Ohio, United States <small>''(1989)''</small>
*[[Cincinnati]], Ohio, United States <small>''(1989)''</small>
*[[Kiew|Kiev]], Ukraine <small>''(1989)''</small>
*[[Kiew|Kiev]], Ukraine <small>''(1989)''</small>
*[[Harare]], Zimbabwe <small>''(1996)''</small>
*{{WL2|Harare}}, Zimbabwe <small>''(1996)''</small>
 
* Munich, München is also the name of other locations, look for: [[München (Begriffsklärung)]]
* [[Gründungslegende|Etymology (Stadtname)]]


==Famous people==
==Famous people==
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**[[Lion Feuchtwanger|Leon Feuchtwanger]], 1884–1958, writer
**[[Lion Feuchtwanger|Leon Feuchtwanger]], 1884–1958, writer
**[[Klaus Mann]], 1906–1949, writer
**[[Klaus Mann]], 1906–1949, writer
**Eugen Roth, 1895–1976, writer
**[[Eugen Roth]], 1895–1976, writer
**Simran Sethi, born in 1970, environmental journalist
**Simran Sethi, born in 1970, environmental journalist
*Musicians
*Musicians
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**[[Franz Marc]], 1880–1916, painter
**[[Franz Marc]], 1880–1916, painter
*Others
*Others
**Andreas Baader, 1943–1977, Red Army Faction leader
**[[Herman Schwarzmann|Herman J. Schwarzmann]], american engineer
**Adolf Abraham Halevi Fraenkel, 1891–1965, mathematician
**Adolf Abraham Halevi Fraenkel, 1891–1965, mathematician
**[[Franz Xaver Gabelsberger]], 1789–1849, inventor of the Gabelsberger shorthand writing system
**[[Franz Xaver Gabelsberger]], 1789–1849, inventor of the Gabelsberger shorthand writing system
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*William of Ockham, English medieval philosopher
*William of Ockham, English medieval philosopher
*Fyodor Tyutchev, Russian Romantic poet
*Fyodor Tyutchev, Russian Romantic poet
*Pope Benedict XVI, born [[Joseph Ratzinger]], former Archbishop of Munich-Freising
*Pope Benedict XVI, born [[Joseph Ratzinger]], former [[Erzbischof von München und Freising|Archbishop of Munich-Freising]]
*[[Muhammad Iqbal]], Pakistan's national poet, who got his PhD from Munich in 1907
*[[Muhammad Iqbal]], Pakistan's national poet, who got his PhD from Munich in 1907
*[[Joseph von Fraunhofer]], optician
*[[Joseph von Fraunhofer]], optician
*[[Justus von Liebig]], chemist
*[[Justus von Liebig]], chemist
*Georg Ohm, physicist
*Georg Ohm, physicist
*Wilhelm Röntgen, Nobel Prize winning physicist
*Wilhelm Röntgen, [[Nobelpreisträger|Nobel Prize winning physicist]]
*Lucia Popp, Slovak-born opera singer
*Lucia Popp, Slovak-born opera singer
*[[Albert Einstein]], Nobel Prize winning physicist, grew up in Munich
*[[Albert Einstein]], [[Nobelpreisträger|Nobel Prize winning physicist]], grew up in Munich
*[[Max Planck]], Nobel Prize winning physicist
*[[Max Planck]], [[Nobelpreisträger|Nobel Prize winning physicist]]
*[[Werner Heisenberg]], Nobel Prize winning physicist
*[[Werner Heisenberg]], [[Nobelpreisträger|Nobel Prize winning physicist]]
*Ludwig Prandtl, father of modern aerodynamics
*Ludwig Prandtl, father of modern aerodynamics
*[[Sepp Maier]], footballer
*[[Sepp Maier]], footballplayer
*Gerd Müller, footballer
*Gerd Müller, footballplayer
*Nick McCarthy, guitarist, Franz Ferdinand, grew up in Munich
*Nick McCarthy, guitarist, Franz Ferdinand, grew up in Munich
*[[Bastian Schweinsteiger]], footballer
*[[Bastian Schweinsteiger]], footballplayer
*Roger C. Field, inventor, industrial designer
*Roger C. Field, inventor, industrial designer
*Arnold Schwarzenegger, former governor of California, bodybuilder and actor, resided at [[Christophstraße|Christophstr]]. 1 and worked at Rolf Putziger's gym at Schillerstr. 36 from 1966-1968
*Arnold Schwarzenegger, former governor of California, bodybuilder and actor, resided at [[Christophstraße|Christophstr]]. 1 and worked at Rolf Putziger's gym at [[Schillerstraße|Schillerstr.]] 36 from 1966–1968
*Donna Summer, singer, known as the "Queen of Disco" she was the most successful musical artist of the Disco era in the late 1970s and early 80's
|}
|}


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==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.muenchen.de/Rathaus/tourist_office/57799/index.html Munich Tourist Office] – up-to-date information for visitors
*[http://www.muenchen.de/Rathaus/tourist_office/57799/index.html Munich Tourist Office] – up-to-date information for visitors
* [https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/destinations/europe/germany/Munich/ ''national geographic'' STORIES - all about Munich] (Laurel Robbins)
** [https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/destinations/europe/germany/Munich/top-activities-things-to-do/ Discover the Best of Munich  —  Ten must-do activities in Munich] ''(national geographic)''
*[http://www.mvv-muenchen.de/en/index.html Münchner Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund] – public transport network
*[http://www.mvv-muenchen.de/en/index.html Münchner Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund] – public transport network
*[http://www.historicaleye.com/Munich1.html On the brink: Munich 1918–1919]
*[http://www.historicaleye.com/Munich1.html On the brink: Munich 1918–1919]
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*[http://www.flickr.com/groups/talesfromtoytown/pool Tales from Toytown] – Photos of Munich
*[http://www.flickr.com/groups/talesfromtoytown/pool Tales from Toytown] – Photos of Munich
*[http://www.itravelnet.com/photography/europe/germany/munichphotogallery.html Munich photo gallery]
*[http://www.itravelnet.com/photography/europe/germany/munichphotogallery.html Munich photo gallery]
; Book: very simple, easy to read
* [[Rüdiger_Liedtke]] - ''111 Places in Munich That You Shouldn’t Miss'' [https://www.emons-verlag.com/programm/111-places-in-munich-that-you-shouldnt-miss (edition)]


== Source (am-en-fr) ==
== Source (am-en-fr) ==
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(in ihrer englischsprachigen Ausgabe mit dem Textbestand vom Mai 2013)
(in ihrer englischsprachigen Ausgabe mit dem Textbestand vom Mai 2013)


== Munich - französisch ausgesprochen==
*Siehe bei WP: [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich '''fr.wikipedia.'''.. Munich]
===… and ===
===… and ===
*[http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich Munich in der Wikipedia auf vereinfachtem Englisch] (Simple English)
*[http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich Munich in der Wikipedia auf vereinfachtem Englisch] (Simple English)
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*[[Munich Fast Facts]]
*[[Munich Fast Facts]]


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