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'''[[München]] - Munich''' (/ˈmjuːnɪk/; German: München, pronounced [ˈmʏnçən], Bavarian: Minga) is the capital and the largest city of the German state of [[Bayern|Bavaria]]. It is located on the river [[Isar]] north of the [[Alpen|Bavarian Alps]]. Munich is the third largest city in Germany, behind Berlin and Hamburg. About 1.42 million people live within the city limits. Munich was the host city of the 1972 Summer Olympics. Its inhabitants are sometimes called Munichers in English. | '''[[München]] - Munich''' (/ˈmjuːnɪk/; German: München, pronounced [ˈmʏnçən], Bavarian: Minga) is the capital and the largest city of the German state of [[Bayern|Bavaria]]. It is located on the river [[Isar]] north of the [[Alpen|Bavarian Alps]]. Munich is the third largest city in Germany, behind Berlin and Hamburg. About 1.42 million people live within the city limits. Munich was the host city of the [[1972]] Summer Olympics. Its inhabitants are sometimes called Munichers in English. | ||
The city's motto is "München mag dich" (''Munich likes you''). Before 2006, it was "Weltstadt mit Herz" (Cosmopolitan city with a heart). Its native name München is derived from the Old High German Munichen, meaning "by the monks' place". The city's name derives from the monks of the Benedictine order, who founded the city; hence the [[Münchner Kindl|monk depicted]] on the city's coat of arms. Black and gold — the colours of the Holy Roman Empire — have been the city's official colours since the time of Ludwig the Bavarian. | The city's motto is "München mag dich" (''Munich likes you''). Before [[2006]], it was "Weltstadt mit Herz" (Cosmopolitan city with a heart). Its native name München is derived from the Old High German Munichen, meaning "by the monks' place". The city's name derives from the monks of the Benedictine order, who founded the city; hence the [[Münchner Kindl|monk depicted]] on the city's coat of arms. Black and gold — the colours of the Holy Roman Empire — have been the city's official colours since the time of Ludwig the Bavarian. | ||
Modern Munich is a financial and publishing hub and a frequently top-ranked destination for migration and expatriate location in livability rankings. Munich achieved 4th place in frequently quoted ''|Mercer livability rankings'' in 2011 and 2012. For economic and social innovation, the city was ranked 15th globally out of 289 cities in 2010, and 5th in Germany by the 2thinknow Innovation Cities Index based on analysis of 162 indicators In 2010, ''Monocle'' ranked Munich as the world's most livable city in 2012, Munich was ranked fifth in Monocle's ranking, yet remained the highest ranked city in Germany). | Modern Munich is a financial and publishing hub and a frequently top-ranked destination for migration and expatriate location in livability rankings. Munich achieved 4th place in frequently quoted ''|Mercer livability rankings'' in 2011 and 2012. For economic and social innovation, the city was ranked 15th globally out of 289 cities in 2010, and 5th in Germany by the 2thinknow Innovation Cities Index based on analysis of 162 indicators In 2010, ''Monocle'' ranked Munich as the world's most livable city in 2012, Munich was ranked fifth in Monocle's ranking, yet remained the highest ranked city in Germany). | ||
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The year [[1158]] is assumed to be the foundation date, which is only the earliest date the city is mentioned in a document. The document was signed in [[Augsburg]]. By that time the Guelph Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, had built a bridge over the river Isar next to a settlement of Benedictine monks—this was on the Old Salt Route and a toll bridge. | The year [[1158]] is assumed to be the foundation date, which is only the earliest date the city is mentioned in a document. The document was signed in [[Augsburg]]. By that time the Guelph Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, had built a bridge over the river Isar next to a settlement of Benedictine monks—this was on the Old Salt Route and a toll bridge. | ||
In 1175, Munich was officially granted city status and received fortification. In 1180, with the trial of Henry the Lion, Otto I Wittelsbach became Duke of Bavaria and Munich was handed over to the Bishop of [[Freising]]. (Wittelsbach's heirs, the [[Wittelsbacher|Wittelsbach dynasty]], would rule Bavaria until 1918.) In 1240, Munich was transferred to Otto II Wittelsbach and in 1255, when the Duchy of Bavaria was split in two parts, Munich became the ducal residence of Upper Bavaria. | In [[1175]], Munich was officially granted city status and received fortification. In 1180, with the trial of Henry the Lion, Otto I Wittelsbach became Duke of Bavaria and Munich was handed over to the Bishop of [[Freising]]. (Wittelsbach's heirs, the [[Wittelsbacher|Wittelsbach dynasty]], would rule Bavaria until 1918.) In [[1240]], Munich was transferred to Otto II Wittelsbach and in 1255, when the [[Herzogtum Bayern|Duchy of Bavaria]] was split in two parts, Munich became the ducal residence of [[Oberbayern|Upper Bavaria]]. | ||
Duke Louis IV was elected German king in 1314 and crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in 1328. He strengthened the city's position by granting it the salt monopoly, thus assuring it of additional income. In the late 15th century Munich underwent a revival of [[Gotik|gothic art]]s—the Old Town Hall was enlarged, and Munich's largest gothic church, now a cathedral—the [[Frauenkirche]]—constructed in only twenty years, starting in 1468. | Duke Louis IV was elected German king in 1314 and crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in [[1328]]. He strengthened the city's position by granting it the salt monopoly, thus assuring it of additional income. In the late 15th century Munich underwent a revival of [[Gotik|gothic art]]s—the Old Town Hall was enlarged, and Munich's largest gothic church, now a cathedral—the [[Frauenkirche]]—constructed in only twenty years, starting in 1468. | ||
===Capital of reunited Bavaria=== | ===Capital of reunited Bavaria=== | ||
[[File:Marcktzumuenchen.png|thumb|left|[[Marienplatz]], Munich about 1650]] | [[File:Marcktzumuenchen.png|thumb|left|[[Marienplatz]], Munich about 1650]] | ||
When Bavaria was reunited in 1506, Munich became its capital. The arts and politics became increasingly influenced by the court (see [[Orlando di Lasso]], Heinrich Schuetz and later [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] and [[Richard Wagner]]). During the 16th century Munich was a centre of the German counter reformation, and also of [[renaissance]] arts. Duke [[Wilhelm V.]] commissioned the Jesuit [[St. Michael|Michaelskirche]], which became a centre for the counter-reformation, and also built the [[Hofbräuhaus]] for brewing brown beer in 1589. | When Bavaria was reunited in [[1506]], Munich became its capital. The arts and politics became increasingly influenced by the court (see [[Orlando di Lasso]], Heinrich Schuetz and later [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] and [[Richard Wagner]]). During the 16th century Munich was a centre of the German counter reformation, and also of [[renaissance]] arts. Duke [[Wilhelm V.]] commissioned the Jesuit [[St. Michael|Michaelskirche]], which became a centre for the counter-reformation, and also built the [[Hofbräuhaus]] for brewing brown beer in 1589. | ||
The Catholic League was founded in Munich in 1609. | The Catholic League was founded in Munich in 1609. | ||
In 1623 during the Thirty Years' War Munich became electoral residence when [[Maximilian I.|Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria]] was invested with the electoral dignity, but in 1632 the city was occupied by Gustav II Adolph of Sweden. When the bubonic plague broke out in 1634 and 1635 about one third of the population died. Under the regency of the Bavarian electors Munich was an important centre of baroque life but also had to suffer under Habsburg occupations in 1704 and 1742. | In [[1623]] during the Thirty Years' War Munich became electoral residence when [[Maximilian I.|Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria]] was invested with the electoral dignity, but in 1632 the city was occupied by Gustav II Adolph of Sweden. When the bubonic plague broke out in 1634 and 1635 about one third of the population died. Under the regency of the Bavarian electors Munich was an important centre of baroque life but also had to suffer under Habsburg occupations in 1704 and 1742. | ||
In 1806, the city became the capital of the new [[Königreich|Kingdom of Bavaria]], with the state's parliament (the ''[[Landtag]])'' and the new [[ Erzbistum München und Freising|archdiocese of Munich and Freising]] being located in the city. Twenty years later [[LMU|Landshut University]] was moved to Munich. Many of the city's finest buildings belong to this period and were built under the first three Bavarian kings. Later Prince Regent [[Prinzregent Luitpold|Luitpold's]] years as regent were marked by tremendous artistic and cultural activity in Munich (see [[Franz von Stuck]] and [[Der Blaue Reiter]]). | In [[1806]], the city became the capital of the new [[Königreich|Kingdom of Bavaria]], with the state's parliament (the ''[[Landtag]])'' and the new [[ Erzbistum München und Freising|archdiocese of Munich and Freising]] being located in the city. Twenty years later [[LMU|Landshut University]] was moved to Munich. Many of the city's finest buildings belong to this period and were built under the first three Bavarian kings. Later Prince Regent [[Prinzregent Luitpold|Luitpold's]] years as regent were marked by tremendous artistic and cultural activity in Munich (see [[Franz von Stuck]] and [[Der Blaue Reiter]]). | ||
===World War I to World War II=== | ===World War I to World War II=== | ||
Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914, life in Munich became very difficult, as the Allied blockade of Germany led to food and fuel shortages. During French air raids in 1916, three bombs fell on Munich | Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914, life in Munich became very difficult, as the Allied blockade of Germany led to food and fuel shortages. During French air raids in [[1916]], three bombs fell on Munich. | ||
In 1923 Hitler and his supporters, who were then concentrated in Munich, staged the Beer Hall Putsch, an attempt to overthrow the Weimar Republic and seize power. The revolt failed, resulting in Hitler's arrest and the temporary crippling of the Nazi Party, which was virtually unknown outside Munich. | After World War I, the city was at the centre of much political unrest. In November 1918 on the eve of revolution, [[Ludwig III.|Ludwig III]] and his family fled the city. After the murder of the first republican [[Ministerpräsident|premier of Bavaria]] [[Kurt Eisner]] in February 1919 by Anton Graf von Arco auf Valley, the [[Räterepublik|Bavarian Soviet Republic]] was proclaimed. When Communists had taken power, Lenin, who had lived in Munich some years before, sent a congratulatory telegram, but the Soviet Republic was put down on 3 May [[1919]] by the Freikorps. While the republican government had been restored, Munich subsequently became a hotbed of extremist politics, among which [[Adolf Hitler]] and the [[Nationalsozialismus|National Socialism]] rose to prominence. | ||
In 1923 Hitler and his supporters, who were then concentrated in Munich, staged the [[Ludendorff-Putsch|Beer Hall Putsch]], an attempt to overthrow the Weimar Republic and seize power. The revolt failed, resulting in Hitler's arrest and the temporary crippling of the Nazi Party, which was virtually unknown outside Munich. | |||
The city once again became a Nazi stronghold when the National Socialists took power in Germany in 1933. The National Socialist Workers Party created the first [[ Konzentrationslager Dachau|concentration camp]] at [[Dachau]], 10 miles (16 km) north-west of the city. Because of its importance to the rise of National Socialism, Munich was referred to as the ''Hauptstadt der Bewegung'' ("Capital of the Movement"). The NSDAP headquarters was in Munich and many ''Führerbauten'' ("''Führer''-buildings") were built around the [[Königsplatz]], some of which have survived to this day. | The city once again became a Nazi stronghold when the National Socialists took power in Germany in 1933. The National Socialist Workers Party created the first [[ Konzentrationslager Dachau|concentration camp]] at [[Dachau]], 10 miles (16 km) north-west of the city. Because of its importance to the rise of National Socialism, Munich was referred to as the ''Hauptstadt der Bewegung'' ("Capital of the Movement"). The NSDAP headquarters was in Munich and many ''Führerbauten'' ("''Führer''-buildings") were built around the [[Königsplatz]], some of which have survived to this day. | ||
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The city is known as the site of the culmination of the policy of appeasement employed by Britain and France leading up to World War II. It was in Munich that British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain assented to the annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland region into Greater Germany in the hopes of sating the desires of Hitler's Third Reich. | The city is known as the site of the culmination of the policy of appeasement employed by Britain and France leading up to World War II. It was in Munich that British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain assented to the annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland region into Greater Germany in the hopes of sating the desires of Hitler's Third Reich. | ||
Munich was the base of the [[Weiße Rose|White Rose]], a student [[ Widerstand, Verweigerung und Protest gegen das NS-Regime in München|resistance movement]] from June 1942 to February 1943. The core members were arrested and executed following a distribution of leaflets in Munich University by Hans and [[Sophie Scholl]]. | Munich was the base of the [[Weiße Rose|White Rose]], a student [[ Widerstand, Verweigerung und Protest gegen das NS-Regime in München|resistance movement]] from June 1942 to February [[1943]]. The core members were arrested and executed following a distribution of leaflets in Munich University by Hans and [[Sophie Scholl]]. | ||
The city was heavily damaged by allied bombing during World War II—the city was hit by 71 air raids over a period of six years. | The city was heavily damaged by allied bombing during World War II—the city was hit by 71 air raids over a period of six years. | ||
===Postwar=== | ===Postwar=== | ||
After US occupation in 1945, Munich was completely rebuilt following a meticulous and—by comparison to other war-ravaged West German cities—rather conservative plan which preserved its pre-war street grid. In 1957 Munich's population passed the 1 million mark. | After [[Militärregierung|US occupation]] in [[1945]], Munich was completely rebuilt following a meticulous and—by comparison to other war-ravaged West German cities—rather conservative plan which preserved its pre-war street grid. In 1957 Munich's population passed the 1 million mark. | ||
Munich was the site of the [[Olympische Sommerspiele 1972|1972 Summer Olympics]], during which Israeli athletes were assassinated by Palestinian fedayeen in the [[Olympische Sommerspiele 1972#Die Geiselnahme|Munich massacre]], when gunmen from the Palestinian "Black September" group took hostage members of the Israeli Olympic team. | Munich was the site of the [[Olympische Sommerspiele 1972|1972 Summer Olympics]], during which Israeli athletes were assassinated by Palestinian fedayeen in the [[Olympische Sommerspiele 1972#Die Geiselnahme|Munich massacre]], when gunmen from the Palestinian "Black September" group took hostage members of the Israeli Olympic team. | ||
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==Geography== | ==Geography== | ||
Munich lies on the elevated plains of Upper Bavaria, about 50 km north of the northern edge of the Alps, at an altitude of about 520 m above mean sea level. The local rivers are the [[Isar]] and the [[Würm]]. | Munich lies on the elevated plains of Upper Bavaria, about 50 km north of the northern edge of the [[Alpen|Alps]], at an altitude of about 520 m above mean sea level. The local rivers are the [[Isar]] and the [[Würm]]. | ||
Munich is situated in the Northern Alpine Foreland. The northern part of this sandy plateau includes a highly fertile flint area which is no longer affected by the folding processes found in the Alps, while the southern part is covered with morainic hills. Between these are fields of fluvio-glacial out-wash, such as around Munich. Wherever these deposits get thinner, the ground water can permeate the gravel surface and flood the area, leading to marshes as in the north of Munich. | Munich is situated in the Northern Alpine Foreland. The northern part of this sandy plateau includes a highly fertile flint area which is no longer affected by the folding processes found in the Alps, while the southern part is covered with morainic hills. Between these are fields of fluvio-glacial out-wash, such as around Munich. Wherever these deposits get thinner, the ground water can permeate the gravel surface and flood the area, leading to marshes as in the north of Munich. | ||
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==Politics== | ==Politics== | ||
Munich's current mayor is [[Christian Ude]] of the [[SPD|Social Democratic Party of Germany]]. Munich has been governed by the SPD for all but six years since 1948. This is remarkable because Bavaria—and particularly southern Bavaria—has long been a conservative stronghold, with the [[CSU|Christian Social Union]] winning absolute majorities among the Bavarian electorate in many elections at the communal, state, and federal levels. Bavaria's second city, Nuremberg, is also one of the very few Bavarian cities governed by a SPD-led coalition. | Munich's current mayor is [[Christian Ude]] of the [[SPD|Social Democratic Party of Germany]]. Munich has been governed by the [[SPD]] for all but six years since 1948. This is remarkable because Bavaria—and particularly southern Bavaria—has long been a conservative stronghold, with the [[CSU|Christian Social Union]] winning absolute majorities among the Bavarian electorate in many elections at the communal, state, and federal levels. Bavaria's second city, Nuremberg, is also one of the very few Bavarian cities governed by a SPD-led coalition. | ||
Munich is currently governed by a coalition of the SPD, the Greens and the Rosa Liste (Pink List, a gay rights party). | Munich is currently governed by a coalition of the SPD, the [[Grünen|Greens]] and the Rosa Liste (Pink List, a gay rights party). | ||
As the capital of the Free State of Bavaria, Munich is an important political centre in Germany and the seat of the [[Landtag|Bavarian State Parliament]], the [[Staatskanzlei]] (the State Chancellery) and of all state departments. | As the capital of the Free State of Bavaria, Munich is an important political centre in Germany and the seat of the [[Landtag|Bavarian State Parliament]], the [[Staatskanzlei]] (the State Chancellery) and of all state departments. | ||
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==Subdivisions== | ==Subdivisions== | ||
[[File:Stadtbezirke Lage in München.png|thumb|left|200px|Munich's Boroughs]] | [[File:Stadtbezirke Lage in München.png|thumb|left|200px|Munich's Boroughs]] | ||
Since the administrative reform in 1992, Munich is divided into 25 boroughs | Since the administrative reform in 1992, Munich is divided into 25 boroughs, the ''[[Stadtbezirke]]''.(german art.) | ||
[[Allach-Untermenzing]] (23), [[Altstadt-Lehel]] (1), [[Aubing-Lochhausen-Langwied]] (22), [[Au-Haidhausen]] (5), [[Berg am Laim]] (14), [[Bogenhausen]] (13), Feldmoching-Hasenbergl (24), [[Hadern]] (20), [[Laim]] (25), [[Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt]] (2), [[Maxvorstadt]] (3), [[Milbertshofen-Am Hart]] (11), [[Moosach]] (10), [[Neuhausen-Nymphenburg]] (9), [[Obergiesing]] (17), [[Pasing]]-[[Obermenzing]] (21), Ramersdorf-[[Perlach]] (16), [[Schwabing|Schwabing-Freimann]] (12), [[Schwabing|Schwabing-West]] (4), Schwanthalerhöhe (8), [[Sendling]] (6), Sendling-Westpark (7), [[Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fürstenried-Solln]] (19), [[Trudering]]-Riem (15) and [[Untergiesing-Harlaching]] (18). | [[Allach-Untermenzing]] (23), [[Altstadt-Lehel]] (1), [[Aubing-Lochhausen-Langwied]] (22), [[Au-Haidhausen]] (5), [[Berg am Laim]] (14), [[Bogenhausen]] (13), Feldmoching-Hasenbergl (24), [[Hadern]] (20), [[Laim]] (25), [[Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt]] (2), [[Maxvorstadt]] (3), [[Milbertshofen-Am Hart]] (11), [[Moosach]] (10), [[Neuhausen-Nymphenburg]] (9), [[Obergiesing]] (17), [[Pasing]]-[[Obermenzing]] (21), Ramersdorf-[[Perlach]] (16), [[Schwabing|Schwabing-Freimann]] (12), [[Schwabing|Schwabing-West]] (4), Schwanthalerhöhe (8), [[Sendling]] (6), Sendling-Westpark (7), [[Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fürstenried-Solln]] (19), [[Trudering]]-Riem (15) and [[Untergiesing-Harlaching]] (18). | ||
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===Museums=== | ===Museums=== | ||
The ''[[Deutsches Museum]]'' or German Museum, located on an island in the River Isar, is the largest and one of the oldest science museums in the world. Three redundant exhibition buildings which are under a protection order were converted to house the ''Verkehrsmuseum'', which houses the land transport collections of the Deutsches Museum. Deutsches Museum's ''Flugwerft Schleissheim'' flight exhibition centre is located nearby, on the Schleissheim Special Landing Field. | The ''[[Deutsches Museum]]'' or German Museum, located on an island in the River Isar, is the largest and one of the oldest science museums in the world. Three redundant exhibition buildings which are under a protection order were converted to house the ''Verkehrsmuseum'', which houses the land transport collections of the Deutsches Museum. Deutsches Museum's ''[[Flugwerft Schleißheim|Flugwerft Schleissheim]]'' flight exhibition centre is located nearby, on the Schleissheim Special Landing Field. | ||
Several non-centralised museums (many of those are public collections at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität) show the expanded state collections of [[Paläontologisches Museum München|palaeontology]], geology, mineralogy, [[Zoologische Staatssammlung München|zoology]], botany and anthropology. | Several non-centralised museums (many of those are public collections at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität) show the expanded state collections of [[Paläontologisches Museum München|palaeontology]], geology, mineralogy, [[Zoologische Staatssammlung München|zoology]], botany and anthropology. | ||